This is a weird way to reply to a technical question, Baertram
Anyways, the answer is a definite yes.
What do we see on the screen as the synergy name is handled in synergy.lua at line 65. Since it's a label you can put any text and any texture there instead of the synergy name.
And since GetSynergyInfo() (line 59) returns iconFilename for the synergy you don't depend on the localization. Just iconFilename -> new text table is all that's needed.
An addon that changes this text to whatever can be written in 10 min.
The question is what exactly do we want to see there instead of the original names?
Color-coded synergy types as in the OP?
If Kenza provides me with the complete list of the substitutions i'll make this addon.