Hi All,
I wanted to post an update because I unintentionally reproduced this problem and realized that I left out one piece of important information that I didn't think relevant but was what actually ended up being the cause.
Immediately before this crash to login screen thing started happening (both times) I attempted to use
ESO Profiler to profile a UI reload.
While reloading the UI, the game crashed to the login screen and I could not login to a character after that.
I have more information/troubleshooting steps in ESO Profiler's comments page so I won't list them here, but I did want to post the update here.
As of now I haven't fully gotten everything working again and am still troubleshooting. The odd thing is that everything worked before attempting to profile a UI reload and then isn't working after. I wonder what broke?